https://justroham.ir/Recent content in Home on RohamHugo -- 0.153.3enTue, 27 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/go-getting-started/Tue, 27 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/go-getting-started/Install Go, create your first module with go mod init, and learn the everyday commands: run, build, fmt, vet, test and mod tidy.https://justroham.ir/posts/go-x509-emudhra-distrusted-intermediates-cve-2026-111943/Mon, 26 Oct 2026 08:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/go-x509-emudhra-distrusted-intermediates-cve-2026-111943/Go 1.26.10 and 1.27.3 block eight compromised eMudhra (emSign) intermediates in crypto/x509. What the fix does, why old binaries stay exposed, how to checkhttps://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-scaling-lag/Sun, 25 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-scaling-lag/Scale processing by running several workers on one durable JetStream consumer, see what happens when one crashes, and monitor lag with ConsumerInfo.https://justroham.ir/posts/gitlab-critical-rce-cve-2026-110264/Fri, 23 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/gitlab-critical-rce-cve-2026-110264/CVE-2026-110264 in GitLab CE/EE scores 10 out of 10 and can lead to unauthenticated code execution. Affected and fixed versions, plus what to do right now.https://justroham.ir/posts/php-critical-rce-cve-2026-109618/Thu, 22 Oct 2026 10:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/php-critical-rce-cve-2026-109618/NCSC alert on two critical PHP vulnerabilities (CVSS 9.2, CVE-2026-109618 and CVE-2026-109619): affected and fixed versions, plus what to do right now.https://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-retry-dlq/Sun, 18 Oct 2026 14:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-retry-dlq/A follow-up: retry failed messages with MaxDeliver and BackOff, then route the ones that never succeed to a dead-letter stream.https://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-go/Sun, 18 Oct 2026 12:00:00 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/nats-jetstream-go/Building a pair of Go services with Docker Compose and NATS JetStream that process messages through a durable consumer.https://justroham.ir/about/Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/about/About Roham, a senior software engineer in Tehran working with Go, Node.js and event-driven systems (Kafka, NATS JetStream).https://justroham.ir/posts/first-post/Mon, 29 Dec 2025 00:02:08 +0330https://justroham.ir/posts/first-post/Welcome to my personal blog: why I created this site, to share experiences and knowledge, keep learning and connect with people who share my interests.https://justroham.ir/glossary/slots/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/slots/A class option that fixes the attribute names up front so instances store them without a per-instance <strong>dict</strong>, saving memory and blocking new attributes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/gitignore/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/gitignore/a file of patterns telling Git which untracked files to leave alone.https://justroham.ir/glossary/a-star/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/a-star/Dijkstra guided by a heuristic estimate of the remaining cost, so fewer nodes are expanded.https://justroham.ir/glossary/abi/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/abi/Application Binary Interface: the binary-level contract (calling convention, type layout, symbol names) between compiled code.https://justroham.ir/glossary/abort-controller/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/abort-controller/A standard object that signals cancellation to async operations through its AbortSignal.https://justroham.ir/glossary/acid/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/acid/The four guarantees of a transaction: Atomicity, Consistency, Isolation, Durability.https://justroham.ir/glossary/acknowledgement/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/acknowledgement/The consumer&rsquo;s reply to JetStream: ack (done), nak (retry), term (never retry).https://justroham.ir/glossary/ack-wait/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ack-wait/How long JetStream waits for an ack before it redelivers a message.https://justroham.ir/glossary/acme/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/acme/A protocol that lets software request and renew certificates from a CA automatically.https://justroham.ir/glossary/addresssanitizer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/addresssanitizer/A compiler-inserted runtime checker (ASan) that reports out-of-bounds access, use-after-free and double free.https://justroham.ir/glossary/adjacency-list/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/adjacency-list/A graph representation that stores, for every vertex, the list of its neighbours. It uses memory proportional to V + E and suits sparse graphs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/adr/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/adr/Architecture Decision Record: a short, numbered note saying what was decided, why, and with what trade-offs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/advisory-lock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/advisory-lock/An application-defined lock on a number; the database enforces it but attaches no meaning to it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/aead/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/aead/Authenticated encryption with associated data: one operation that gives confidentiality and tamper detection.https://justroham.ir/glossary/aes-gcm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/aes-gcm/An authenticated encryption mode: it hides the data and detects any change to it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/aggregate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/aggregate/A cluster of objects changed as one unit, with a root that enforces its rules.https://justroham.ir/glossary/aggregate-error/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/aggregate-error/An error that bundles several errors, e.g. what Promise.any rejects with.https://justroham.ir/glossary/alert-fatigue/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/alert-fatigue/When too many false alerts make people ignore or mute the real ones.https://justroham.ir/glossary/allow-list/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/allow-list/A list of the only values accepted, with everything else rejected by default.https://justroham.ir/glossary/alpn/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/alpn/Application-Layer Protocol Negotiation: TLS picks the protocol, such as h2 or http/1.1.https://justroham.ir/glossary/amortized-analysis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/amortized-analysis/Cost per operation averaged over a whole sequence of operations. An append that sometimes copies everything is still O(1) amortized if the expensive copies are rare enough.https://justroham.ir/glossary/annotated-tag/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/annotated-tag/a tag stored as its own object with a message, author and date.https://justroham.ir/glossary/anti-corruption-layer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/anti-corruption-layer/A translation layer that keeps another system&rsquo;s model from leaking into yours.https://justroham.ir/glossary/anti-entropy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/anti-entropy/A background process that compares replicas and copies the differences, whether or not anyone reads the data.https://justroham.ir/glossary/api-contract/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/api-contract/The written agreement about what an API accepts and returns, which both client and server must keep.https://justroham.ir/glossary/arbitrary-precision/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/arbitrary-precision/An integer type whose size grows as needed, so results never overflow. Python&rsquo;s int works this way.https://justroham.ir/glossary/argon2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/argon2/A modern password hashing function whose cost is set by time, memory and parallelism; argon2id is the usual variant.https://justroham.ir/glossary/argparse/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/argparse/The standard-library module that parses command-line arguments, generates &ndash;help and exits with code 2 on bad usage.https://justroham.ir/glossary/async-await/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/async-await/Syntax that lets you write code on top of promises as if it were sequential.https://justroham.ir/glossary/at-least-once-delivery/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/at-least-once-delivery/The broker delivers every message one or more times, never zero, so duplicates are possible.https://justroham.ir/glossary/atomic-commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/atomic-commit/A commit that contains one complete, logical change and nothing else.https://justroham.ir/glossary/atomic-write/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/atomic-write/Writing a file so readers see either the old or the new content, never a half-written one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/audit-log/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/audit-log/A tamper-evident record of who did what to which object, when, from where, and with what result.https://justroham.ir/glossary/authoritative-server/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/authoritative-server/A DNS server that holds the real records of a zone and answers with the AA flag.https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorization/Deciding what an already identified caller is allowed to do.https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorization-code-flow/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorization-code-flow/The OAuth2 flow where the browser carries only a short-lived code and the client swaps it for tokens on a back channel.https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorized-keys/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/authorized-keys/The server-side file listing public keys allowed to log in, with optional restrictions per key.https://justroham.ir/glossary/autovacuum/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/autovacuum/The PostgreSQL background worker that runs VACUUM and ANALYZE automatically when a table has enough changes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/avl-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/avl-tree/A binary search tree that keeps the heights of every node&rsquo;s two subtrees within 1 of each other using rotations.https://justroham.ir/glossary/b-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/b-tree/A balanced tree of fixed-size pages with sorted keys, the default index type in PostgreSQL.https://justroham.ir/glossary/backfill/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/backfill/Filling a new column for existing rows, in small batches so locks and transactions stay short.https://justroham.ir/glossary/backing-array/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/backing-array/The memory block a slice points into. Several slices can share one backing array, so a write through one can be seen through another.https://justroham.ir/glossary/backpressure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/backpressure/A signal from a slow consumer telling a fast producer to pause so buffers do not grow without limit.https://justroham.ir/glossary/backtracking/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/backtracking/Building a solution step by step and undoing a step when it cannot lead to an answer.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bcrypt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bcrypt/A password hashing function with a cost parameter and a built-in salt; it only uses the first 72 bytes of the password.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bearer-token/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bearer-token/A token that grants access to whoever holds it, sent as <code>Authorization: Bearer &lt;token&gt;</code>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bellman-ford/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bellman-ford/Shortest paths that allow negative weights by relaxing every edge up to V times, at O(V·E).https://justroham.ir/glossary/big-o/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/big-o/An upper bound on how an algorithm&rsquo;s cost grows with input size n, ignoring constants and lower-order terms.https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-heap/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-heap/A complete binary tree stored in a slice where every parent is not larger than its children; the minimum is always at index 0.https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-search/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-search/A search that discards half of the remaining range at every step, in O(log n).https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-search-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/binary-search-tree/A tree where every node&rsquo;s left subtree holds smaller keys and its right subtree larger ones.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bipartite-graph/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bipartite-graph/A graph whose vertices can be split into two groups so that every edge joins different groups. Equivalent to having no odd-length cycle.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bitmap-scan/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bitmap-scan/A plan that collects matching row locations from one or more indexes into a bitmap, then reads the table pages in order.https://justroham.ir/glossary/blast-radius/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/blast-radius/how many users or requests a bad change can hurt.https://justroham.ir/glossary/blob/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/blob/the Git object that stores the content of one file, with no name.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bloom-filter/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bloom-filter/A bit-array structure that answers &lsquo;definitely not present&rsquo; or &lsquo;maybe present&rsquo;, never a false negative.https://justroham.ir/glossary/blue-green-deployment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/blue-green-deployment/Two identical releases side by side; traffic switches from the live one to the new one only after it is healthy.https://justroham.ir/glossary/borrowing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/borrowing/Using a value through a reference without taking ownership of it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bounded-context/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bounded-context/A boundary inside which one model and one language apply consistently.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-branch/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-branch/a movable pointer: a file holding one commit id.https://justroham.ir/glossary/branch-by-abstraction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/branch-by-abstraction/replace code in small steps by hiding old and new behind one interface.https://justroham.ir/glossary/branch-protection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/branch-protection/Hosting-platform rules that restrict how a branch such as main can be changed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bfs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bfs/Visiting a tree or graph level by level, nearest nodes first, using a queue. It finds shortest paths in unweighted graphs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/breaking-change/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/breaking-change/A change to an API that makes a correctly written existing client stop working.https://justroham.ir/glossary/brooks-law/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/brooks-law/Adding people to a late software project tends to make it later.https://justroham.ir/glossary/buffer-overflow/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/buffer-overflow/Writing (or reading) past the end of a fixed-size buffer, corrupting neighbouring memory.https://justroham.ir/glossary/build-tag/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/build-tag/A <code>//go:build</code> line at the top of a Go file that selects the OS or conditions the file compiles under.https://justroham.ir/glossary/bulkhead/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/bulkhead/Separate resource limits per dependency so one slow dependency cannot use up everything.https://justroham.ir/glossary/burn-rate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/burn-rate/Observed error rate divided by the error rate the SLO allows; 1 spends the whole budget exactly.https://justroham.ir/glossary/byte-order-mark/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/byte-order-mark/Invisible bytes at the start of a text file; in UTF-8 they are EF BB BF and mark the file as UTF-8.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cache-locality/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cache-locality/Data that is used together and sits close together in memory is cheaper to read, because the CPU loads memory in cache lines and prefetches sequential access.https://justroham.ir/glossary/canary-release/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/canary-release/exposing a change to a small share of traffic first.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cap-theorem/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cap-theorem/During a network partition a system must give up either linearizability or availability for the operations it cannot complete.https://justroham.ir/glossary/capacity-planning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/capacity-planning/Estimating and checking how much hardware a service needs for expected load, and repeating it as load grows.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cascading-failure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cascading-failure/A failure that spreads: one slow or failed component exhausts its callers, which then fail their own callers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/causal-consistency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/causal-consistency/If one operation could have influenced another, everyone sees them in that order; unrelated ones may differ.https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-authority/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-authority/The party whose signature on a certificate a client chooses to trust.https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-chain/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-chain/The list leaf, intermediate(s), root that links a server certificate to a trusted root CA.https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-pinning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/certificate-pinning/Accepting only a server whose certificate or public key matches a hash the client already knows.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cgroup/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cgroup/A kernel feature that groups processes and limits or accounts for their CPU, memory and process count.https://justroham.ir/glossary/channel/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/channel/A typed conduit that goroutines use to send and receive values safely.https://justroham.ir/glossary/chaos-engineering/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/chaos-engineering/Experimenting on a system by injecting failures to build confidence that it withstands them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/characterization-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/characterization-test/A test that records what code does today, bugs included, so you can change it safely.https://justroham.ir/glossary/check-constraint/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/check-constraint/A rule on a table, such as balance_cents &gt;= 0, that every written row must satisfy.https://justroham.ir/glossary/checksum/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/checksum/A small number computed from data to detect accidental corruption.https://justroham.ir/glossary/checksum-database/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/checksum-database/A public append-only log of module hashes (Go uses sum.golang.org) that detects a module changing between users.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cherry-pick/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cherry-pick/Copies the patch of one commit onto the current branch as a new commit with a new hash.https://justroham.ir/glossary/choreography/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/choreography/Services react to each other&rsquo;s events with no central coordinator deciding the flow.https://justroham.ir/glossary/chunked-encoding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/chunked-encoding/An HTTP/1.1 way to send a body in pieces without knowing its total length.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ci/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ci/Continuous integration: a server runs checks (build, tests, lint) on every push or pull request.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cidr/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cidr/Classless Inter-Domain Routing: writing a network as address/prefix-length, e.g. 192.0.2.0/24.https://justroham.ir/glossary/circuit-breaker/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/circuit-breaker/A wrapper that stops calling a failing dependency for a while and fails fast instead.https://justroham.ir/glossary/clock-skew/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/clock-skew/The difference between the clocks of two machines at the same real moment.https://justroham.ir/glossary/closure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/closure/A function that remembers variables from the scope where it was defined, even after that scope has returned.https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-churn/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-churn/How often a file or function changes over time; a cheap signal for where the work and the bugs gather.https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-coverage/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-coverage/The share of lines, branches and functions that ran while the tests ran.https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-review/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/code-review/Another person reading a change before it is merged, to catch problems and share knowledge.https://justroham.ir/glossary/codeowners/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/codeowners/A repository file that maps paths to the people or teams who must review changes to them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/command-injection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/command-injection/A bug where user input becomes part of a shell command line and changes what runs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/commit/The Git object that ties a tree to its parents, author, committer and message.https://justroham.ir/glossary/commonjs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/commonjs/the original Node.js module system: <code>require()</code> loads a file synchronously and <code>module.exports</code> is what it hands back.https://justroham.ir/glossary/compensating-transaction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/compensating-transaction/A new action that semantically undoes an earlier committed step, such as a refund for a charge.https://justroham.ir/glossary/composite-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/composite-index/An index on several columns, sorted by the first, then the second, and so on.https://justroham.ir/glossary/composition-root/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/composition-root/The single place (usually <code>main</code>) where concrete parts are created and wired together.https://justroham.ir/glossary/conditional-exports/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/conditional-exports/the <code>exports</code> field of <code>package.json</code>, which maps import paths to files and can pick a different file for <code>import</code> and <code>require</code>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/connected-component/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/connected-component/A maximal group of vertices in an undirected graph where every vertex can reach every other. A BFS or DFS from one vertex finds exactly its component.https://justroham.ir/glossary/connection-pool/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/connection-pool/A set of open database connections that are lent out and reused.https://justroham.ir/glossary/connection-tracking/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/connection-tracking/The kernel table of flows that lets firewall rules match by connection state.https://justroham.ir/glossary/consensus/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/consensus/Getting a group of nodes to agree on one value (or one ordered log) even when some nodes crash or messages are lost.https://justroham.ir/glossary/consistent-hashing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/consistent-hashing/A key-to-node mapping where removing a node moves only that node&rsquo;s keys.https://justroham.ir/glossary/constant-time-comparison/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/constant-time-comparison/Comparing secrets in a way whose running time does not depend on where they first differ.https://justroham.ir/glossary/consumer-driven-contract/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/consumer-driven-contract/A contract written by the clients, saying which parts of an API they really use, which the server then verifies.https://justroham.ir/glossary/container/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/container/A normal Linux process (or group) started with its own namespaces and cgroup limits, usually from an image.https://justroham.ir/glossary/content-security-policy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/content-security-policy/A response header that tells the browser which sources of scripts and other content a page may use.https://justroham.ir/glossary/context/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/context/A value carrying cancellation, deadlines and request-scoped data across API boundaries.https://justroham.ir/glossary/context-manager/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/context-manager/An object used with the with statement whose <strong>enter</strong> and <strong>exit</strong> methods run setup and guaranteed cleanup around a block.https://justroham.ir/glossary/contract-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/contract-test/A test that checks real requests or responses against the API contract, not against hand-written expectations.https://justroham.ir/glossary/contributing-factor/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/contributing-factor/One of several conditions that together allowed an incident to happen.https://justroham.ir/glossary/conventional-commits/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/conventional-commits/A convention for commit subjects shaped like type(scope): summary.https://justroham.ir/glossary/conways-law/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/conways-law/A system&rsquo;s design tends to mirror the communication structure of the organization that builds it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/copytruncate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/copytruncate/A logrotate option that copies the log and truncates the original in place instead of renaming it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/coroutine/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/coroutine/A function defined with async def; calling it returns a coroutine object that does nothing until it is awaited or wrapped in a task.https://justroham.ir/glossary/correlated-subquery/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/correlated-subquery/A subquery that refers to the outer row, so it runs once per outer row.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cors/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cors/Cross-Origin Resource Sharing: headers that tell a browser whether a page from another origin may read a response.https://justroham.ir/glossary/coverage-guided-fuzzing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/coverage-guided-fuzzing/Fuzzing that keeps and mutates inputs which reach new code paths.https://justroham.ir/glossary/covering-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/covering-index/An index that contains every column a query needs, so the table is not read.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-cache/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-cache/Small, fast memory next to the CPU that holds recently used data; sequential access uses it far better than random access.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-profile/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-profile/A sampled record of which functions the CPU was running, used to find where time goes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-bound/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cpu-bound/Work whose speed is limited by the processor, such as computing primes, not by waiting for I/O.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cqrs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cqrs/Command Query Responsibility Segregation: the model that handles writes is separate from the model that serves reads.https://justroham.ir/glossary/crdt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/crdt/A conflict-free replicated data type: replicas update independently and a merge function that is commutative, associative and idempotent makes them converge.https://justroham.ir/glossary/create-index-concurrently/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/create-index-concurrently/A way to build an index without blocking writes, at the cost of more passes and a possible INVALID index on failure.https://justroham.ir/glossary/credential-stuffing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/credential-stuffing/Trying username and password pairs leaked elsewhere against your login, many users from one source.https://justroham.ir/glossary/critical-path/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/critical-path/The longest chain of dependent tasks; it sets the minimum time even with unlimited workers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cron/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cron/The classic Unix scheduler that runs commands at times written in a five-field table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/crypto-shredding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/crypto-shredding/Deleting data from an immutable log by encrypting personal fields with a per-subject key and destroying the key.https://justroham.ir/glossary/csrf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/csrf/Cross-site request forgery: another site makes the browser send an authenticated request you did not intend.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cte/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cte/A named subquery defined with WITH, usable in the main query.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cve/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cve/Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures: a public identifier for a known security flaw.https://justroham.ir/glossary/cyclomatic-complexity/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/cyclomatic-complexity/A count of the independent decision paths through a function.https://justroham.ir/glossary/daemon-thread/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/daemon-thread/A thread that does not keep the program alive: when only daemon threads remain, the process exits.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dag/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dag/Directed acyclic graph: the shape of Git history, commits pointing to their parents.https://justroham.ir/glossary/database-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/database-index/A separate sorted structure that lets the database find rows without reading the whole table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dataclass/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dataclass/A class decorated with @dataclass: Python generates <strong>init</strong>, <strong>repr</strong> and <strong>eq</strong> from the annotated fields, with options like frozen, order and slots.https://justroham.ir/glossary/datagram/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/datagram/A self-contained packet of data sent without a connection; it arrives whole or not at all.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dead-mans-switch/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dead-mans-switch/An alert that fires when an expected signal does NOT arrive.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dead-tuple/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dead-tuple/A row version that no current or future transaction can see any more, but that still occupies space until VACUUM removes it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dlq/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dlq/A place where messages that keep failing are moved so they do not block the main flow.https://justroham.ir/glossary/deadline/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/deadline/An absolute point in time after which a network read or write fails with a timeout.https://justroham.ir/glossary/deadlock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/deadlock/Two or more sessions each wait for a lock the other holds, so none can continue; the database aborts one of them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/decorator/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/decorator/A function that takes a function and returns a wrapped version of it, applied with @name.https://justroham.ir/glossary/default-partition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/default-partition/A partition that receives rows that match no other partition of the table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/delta-compression/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/delta-compression/Storing an object as a small difference against a similar base object.https://justroham.ir/glossary/denial-of-service/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/denial-of-service/An attack or accident that makes a service unavailable by exhausting a resource such as memory, connections or CPU.https://justroham.ir/glossary/denormalization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/denormalization/Deliberately storing a fact more than once to make reads cheaper.https://justroham.ir/glossary/deny-by-default/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/deny-by-default/A route or action is forbidden until a rule explicitly allows it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dependency-injection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dependency-injection/Passing dependencies (like time or a database) in from outside instead of creating them inside the function.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dfs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dfs/Visiting a graph by going as deep as possible along one path before backing up, using recursion or a stack.https://justroham.ir/glossary/deque/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/deque/A double-ended queue: push and pop at both the front and the back, all in O(1) amortized. A ring buffer with growth implements it well.https://justroham.ir/glossary/detached-head/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/detached-head/The state where HEAD points straight at a commit instead of a branch name.https://justroham.ir/glossary/deterministic-simulation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/deterministic-simulation/Running a system in a simulated world driven by a seed so any failure can be replayed exactly.https://justroham.ir/glossary/differential-testing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/differential-testing/Running two implementations on the same input and flagging any difference.https://justroham.ir/glossary/digital-signature/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/digital-signature/A value computed with a private key that anyone with the public key can verify, proving origin and integrity.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dijkstra/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dijkstra/Shortest paths from one source in a graph with non-negative weights, always expanding the closest unfinished vertex.https://justroham.ir/glossary/distributed-monolith/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/distributed-monolith/Services split over the network that still have to change, deploy and fail together.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dns/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dns/The system that maps names to records such as IP addresses.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dns-rebinding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dns-rebinding/A name that resolves to a harmless address for the check and to an internal one for the connection.https://justroham.ir/glossary/domain-event/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/domain-event/A fact that happened in the domain, named in the past tense, such as OrderPlaced.https://justroham.ir/glossary/domain-driven-design/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/domain-driven-design/An approach that shapes the code around the business domain, using its language, boundaries and rules.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dual-write/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dual-write/writing the old and new form of data at once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/duck-typing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/duck-typing/Using an object because it has the methods you call, not because of its declared class: if it has speak(), you can call speak().https://justroham.ir/glossary/dunder-method/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dunder-method/A special method with double underscores around its name, like <strong>repr</strong> or <strong>eq</strong>, that Python calls for you when you use syntax such as print(), == or len().https://justroham.ir/glossary/durable-consumer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/durable-consumer/A named JetStream consumer whose position survives restarts and reconnects.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dynamic-array/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dynamic-array/A growable array: elements sit in one contiguous block, and when it is full the structure allocates a bigger block and copies everything over. Go slices and Rust Vec work this way.https://justroham.ir/glossary/dynamic-programming/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/dynamic-programming/Solving a problem by combining answers to smaller subproblems, each solved once and stored.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ecb-mode/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ecb-mode/A block cipher mode that encrypts every block independently, so equal plaintext blocks give equal ciphertext blocks.https://justroham.ir/glossary/edit-distance/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/edit-distance/The minimum number of insertions, deletions and substitutions needed to turn one sequence into another (Levenshtein).https://justroham.ir/glossary/editable-install/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/editable-install/Installing a project so the environment points at your working copy instead of a copied snapshot, so edits apply immediately.https://justroham.ir/glossary/encapsulation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/encapsulation/Wrapping the data of one layer inside the header of the layer below.https://justroham.ir/glossary/entry-point/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/entry-point/A named hook in a package&rsquo;s metadata; console_scripts entry points become commands on PATH when the package is installed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/envelope-encryption/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/envelope-encryption/Encrypting data with a random per-record key that is itself encrypted by a master key.https://justroham.ir/glossary/environment-variable/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/environment-variable/A named string a process inherits from its parent, used to pass configuration such as ports and keys.https://justroham.ir/glossary/epoll/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/epoll/The Linux system call family that lets one thread wait efficiently for readiness on thousands of file descriptors.https://justroham.ir/glossary/errgroup/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/errgroup/A <code>golang.org/x/sync</code> helper that runs goroutines together and cancels the rest on the first error.https://justroham.ir/glossary/errno/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/errno/The error code a failed system call reports, such as ENOENT or EACCES.https://justroham.ir/glossary/error-budget/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/error-budget/The amount of failure an SLO allows in a window; spending it is how reliability is traded against change.https://justroham.ir/glossary/esm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/esm/the standard JavaScript module system (<code>import</code>/<code>export</code>), loaded asynchronously and analysed statically before any code runs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-envelope/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-envelope/A fixed wrapper around every event with metadata (id, type, time, source, schema version, correlation id) separate from the payload.https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-loop/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-loop/The loop that lets single-threaded JavaScript handle many waiting operations by running callbacks when they are ready.https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-sourcing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-sourcing/State is not stored; the append-only list of events that led to it is, and current state is a fold of them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-emitter/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-emitter/Node&rsquo;s built-in publish/subscribe object: emit named events, listeners react.https://justroham.ir/glossary/eventual-consistency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/eventual-consistency/If writes stop, all replicas end up with the same value; before that, reads may be stale or out of order.https://justroham.ir/glossary/exception-chaining/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/exception-chaining/Linking a new exception to the one being handled: raise &hellip; from e sets <strong>cause</strong>, raising inside except sets <strong>context</strong>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/exception-group/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/exception-group/An exception that bundles several exceptions; except* handles each matching type on its own slice of the group.https://justroham.ir/glossary/exit-status/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/exit-status/The number a command returns when it ends; 0 means success and anything else means failure. The shell exposes it as <code>$?</code> and uses it in <code>&amp;&amp;</code>, <code>||</code> and <code>if</code>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/expand-contract/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/expand-contract/A migration recipe in small safe steps: add the new shape, copy data, switch the app, drop the old shape.https://justroham.ir/glossary/exponential-backoff/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/exponential-backoff/Waiting longer after each failed attempt, doubling the delay up to a cap.https://justroham.ir/glossary/expression-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/expression-index/An index built on the result of an expression such as lower(email) instead of a plain column.https://justroham.ir/glossary/extended-statistics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/extended-statistics/Multi-column statistics created with <code>CREATE STATISTICS</code>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fail-open/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fail-open/Letting requests through when a protective component, such as the limiter store, is unavailable.https://justroham.ir/glossary/failover/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/failover/Switching to a standby as the new primary when the old one fails.https://justroham.ir/glossary/failure-detector/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/failure-detector/A component that guesses whether a remote node is down, usually from missing heartbeats within a timeout.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fan-out/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fan-out/The number of children a tree node can have; a larger fan-out makes the tree shallower.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fast-forward/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fast-forward/moving a branch pointer ahead along a straight line of commits, with no new commit.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fault-injection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fault-injection/Deliberately causing latency, errors or crashes in a dependency to see how the system reacts.https://justroham.ir/glossary/feature-flag/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/feature-flag/a runtime switch that turns code paths on or off without a deploy.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ffi/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ffi/Foreign Function Interface: calling code written in another language, usually through the C ABI.https://justroham.ir/glossary/file-descriptor/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/file-descriptor/A small integer a process uses to refer to an open file, pipe or socket. 0, 1 and 2 are stdin, stdout and stderr; shell redirects rewire them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/file-permissions/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/file-permissions/Nine bits (read, write, execute for user, group and other) stored in the inode. Octal modes such as 755 or 640 write them compactly.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fisher-exact-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fisher-exact-test/an exact significance test for a 2x2 table of counts.https://justroham.ir/glossary/five-whys/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/five-whys/A technique of asking why repeatedly to find a cause; it follows a single chain.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fixture/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fixture/a function that prepares (and cleans up) what a test needshttps://justroham.ir/glossary/fixup-commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fixup-commit/A commit marked to be folded into an earlier commit during an autosquash rebase.https://justroham.ir/glossary/flaky-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/flaky-test/A test that sometimes passes and sometimes fails with no change in the code.https://justroham.ir/glossary/flame-graph/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/flame-graph/A picture of sampled stacks where box width shows how often a function was on the stack.https://justroham.ir/glossary/force-push/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/force-push/overwrites a remote branch with your local one, even if that discards commits; prefer &ndash;force-with-lease.https://justroham.ir/glossary/foreign-key/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/foreign-key/A column that must match a primary key value in another table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/free-threading/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/free-threading/A CPython build, available since 3.13 as an option, that runs without the GIL.https://justroham.ir/glossary/fuzzing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/fuzzing/Feeding a program automatically mutated inputs, guided by coverage, to find crashes and bugs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/game-day/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/game-day/A planned session where a team injects failures and practises detecting and handling them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/garbage-collector/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/garbage-collector/The runtime part that frees objects nothing can reach any more.https://justroham.ir/glossary/generated-column/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/generated-column/A column whose value is computed from other columns of the same row by an expression, and stored automatically.https://justroham.ir/glossary/generator/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/generator/A function that uses yield to produce values one at a time, pausing between them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/generics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/generics/Code written once for any type, with the type as a parameter, for example def first[T](xs: list[T]) -&gt; T. The checker keeps track of which T is used at each call.https://justroham.ir/glossary/gil/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/gil/A lock in standard CPython that lets only one thread run Python bytecode at a time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/gin-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/gin-index/An inverted index in PostgreSQL that maps each element inside a value (a JSON key, a word) to the rows that contain it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-bisect/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-bisect/A Git command that binary-searches your history to find the first commit that introduced a bug.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-hook/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-hook/A script Git runs automatically at a point in its workflow, such as before a commit.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-object/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-object/A blob, tree, commit or tag stored under its hash in .git/objects.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-reset/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-reset/Moves the current branch to another commit; the mode decides what happens to the index and working tree.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-revert/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-revert/Undoes a commit by adding a new commit with the opposite patch, leaving history intact.https://justroham.ir/glossary/gitlink/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/gitlink/A tree entry (mode 160000) that records a commit id from another repository.https://justroham.ir/glossary/go-workspace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/go-workspace/A go.work file that makes several local Go modules resolve to each other without published versions.https://justroham.ir/glossary/goaway/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/goaway/An HTTP/2 frame that tells the peer to stop opening new streams on this connection.https://justroham.ir/glossary/goroutine/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/goroutine/A lightweight function execution managed by the Go runtime, not the OS.https://justroham.ir/glossary/graceful-shutdown/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/graceful-shutdown/Stopping a server by refusing new work but letting in-flight requests finish before exiting.https://justroham.ir/glossary/graph/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/graph/A set of vertices (nodes) connected by edges. Edges can be directed or undirected. Networks, maps, dependencies and friendships are all graphs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/gray-failure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/gray-failure/A node that is not dead but so slow or flaky that it harms the system while still looking alive.https://justroham.ir/glossary/greedy-algorithm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/greedy-algorithm/Making the locally best choice at each step and never revisiting it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/grpc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/grpc/A binary RPC framework built on HTTP/2 and Protocol Buffers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/half-close/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/half-close/Closing only the sending direction of a TCP connection while still reading.https://justroham.ir/glossary/happens-before/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/happens-before/The partial order of causality: program order, send before receive, and transitivity; events with no such path are concurrent.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hard-link/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hard-link/A second name for the same inode. Both names are equal, the link count goes up, and the data is freed only when the last name is removed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-chain/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-chain/Each record stores the hash of the previous one, so any edit, deletion or reorder breaks every later link.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-collision/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-collision/Two different keys that map to the same slot of a hash table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-slot/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-slot/One of a fixed number of logical buckets that keys hash into; whole slots, not single keys, are assigned to and moved between nodes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-table/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hash-table/A structure that finds a key by computing its hash, giving O(1) lookups on average. Go&rsquo;s map is one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/head/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/head/the pointer to the commit (usually via a branch) that your checkout is based on.https://justroham.ir/glossary/head-of-line-blocking/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/head-of-line-blocking/One slow item at the front of a queue holds up everything behind it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/health-check/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/health-check/A probe that tells a load balancer whether a backend can take traffic.https://justroham.ir/glossary/heap-snapshot/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/heap-snapshot/A dump of every live object in the JavaScript heap with sizes and references, used to find what holds memory.https://justroham.ir/glossary/heap-sort/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/heap-sort/Build a max-heap in place, then repeatedly swap the root to the end and sift down; O(n log n), no extra memory, not stable.https://justroham.ir/glossary/heapify/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/heapify/Turning an unordered slice into a heap in place in O(n), by sifting down from the last parent to the root.https://justroham.ir/glossary/heartbeat/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/heartbeat/A periodic small message (such as a ping) used to find out whether the other side is still alive.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hedged-request/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hedged-request/Sending a second copy of a slow request to another replica and using the first reply.https://justroham.ir/glossary/here-document/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/here-document/Shell syntax (<code>&lt;&lt;EOT</code>) that feeds the following lines to a command’s stdin. A quoted marker (<code>&lt;&lt;’EOT’</code>) disables variable expansion inside.https://justroham.ir/glossary/high-water-mark/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/high-water-mark/The buffer size at which a stream starts asking producers to slow down (16 KiB by default for a Writable).https://justroham.ir/glossary/hinted-handoff/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hinted-handoff/When a replica is down, another node holds its writes with a hint and hands them over when it returns.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hmac/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hmac/A message authentication code built from a hash and a secret key; unlike sha256(secret||msg) it resists length extension.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hot-key/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hot-key/A single key that receives so much traffic that the shard owning it is overloaded no matter how evenly the other keys are spread.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hot-update/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hot-update/Heap-Only Tuple update: a new row version stored in the same page with no new index entries, possible when no indexed column changes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hpack/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hpack/The header compression scheme of HTTP/2.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hsts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hsts/HTTP Strict Transport Security: a header telling the browser to use only HTTPS for this site for a period.https://justroham.ir/glossary/http/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/http/A text protocol for requests and responses, usually carried over TCP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-redirect/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-redirect/A 3xx response with a Location header telling the client to request another URL.https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-trailers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-trailers/Header fields sent after the body, once the final result is known.https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-upgrade/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/http-upgrade/A request header that asks the server to switch the connection to another protocol (101 Switching Protocols).https://justroham.ir/glossary/httponly/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/httponly/A cookie attribute that hides the cookie from JavaScript running in the page.https://justroham.ir/glossary/huffman-coding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/huffman-coding/A greedy prefix code that gives frequent symbols shorter bit strings.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hunk/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hunk/one contiguous block of changes inside a diff.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hybrid-logical-clock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hybrid-logical-clock/A timestamp combining physical time with a logical counter, close to real time yet respecting causality.https://justroham.ir/glossary/hysteresis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/hysteresis/Requiring several consecutive probes before changing state, so a flapping instance does not flip in and out of rotation.https://justroham.ir/glossary/io-bound/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/io-bound/Work that spends most of its time waiting for the network or disk rather than computing.https://justroham.ir/glossary/icmp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/icmp/The control-message protocol of IP, used for errors such as port unreachable.https://justroham.ir/glossary/idempotency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/idempotency/Processing the same operation more than once has the same effect as processing it once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/idempotency-key/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/idempotency-key/A unique id the client sends with a request so the server can recognise a retry and return the first result instead of acting twice.https://justroham.ir/glossary/idle-in-transaction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/idle-in-transaction/A session that opened a transaction and is doing nothing, still holding its connection and locks.https://justroham.ir/glossary/idor/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/idor/Insecure direct object reference: an endpoint returns an object by its ID without checking that the caller may see it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/in-degree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/in-degree/The number of edges pointing into a vertex; in dependency graphs, how many prerequisites it still waits for.https://justroham.ir/glossary/incident-response/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/incident-response/The organised process of detecting, containing, removing and learning from a security incident.https://justroham.ir/glossary/index-only-scan/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/index-only-scan/A plan node that answers a query from the index alone, without visiting the table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/inline-script-metadata/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/inline-script-metadata/PEP 723: a comment block at the top of a single-file script that lists its dependencies and Python version.https://justroham.ir/glossary/inode/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/inode/The filesystem record that holds a file&rsquo;s metadata (owner, mode, size, link count) and where its data lives. A name in a directory just points to an inode number.https://justroham.ir/glossary/integer-overflow/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/integer-overflow/A result too large for its integer type; in Go it wraps around silently.https://justroham.ir/glossary/integration-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/integration-test/A test that runs several parts together, such as a service with a repository.https://justroham.ir/glossary/invariant/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/invariant/A condition that holds before and after every loop iteration, used to prove an algorithm correct.https://justroham.ir/glossary/iproute2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/iproute2/The Linux network tool family driven by the ip command.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ipv6/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ipv6/The 128-bit successor of IPv4, with hex notation, /64 subnets and no broadcast.https://justroham.ir/glossary/isolation-level/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/isolation-level/The setting that decides how much one transaction sees of others running at the same time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/iterator/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/iterator/An object with <strong>next</strong> that returns the next value and raises StopIteration when it is done.https://justroham.ir/glossary/jetstream/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/jetstream/The persistence layer of NATS: streams that store messages, and consumers that read them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/jitter/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/jitter/Randomness added to a retry delay so clients stop retrying in lockstep.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-join/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-join/Combining rows of two tables by a matching condition.https://justroham.ir/glossary/journald/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/journald/The systemd service that collects logs from services and the kernel into a structured journal.https://justroham.ir/glossary/json-schema/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/json-schema/A vocabulary for describing the shape of a JSON document so a library can validate it automatically.https://justroham.ir/glossary/jsonb/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/jsonb/A PostgreSQL column type that stores JSON in a parsed binary form that can be indexed and queried.https://justroham.ir/glossary/jwks/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/jwks/A JSON document, usually at /jwks.json, that publishes the public keys used to verify an issuer&rsquo;s signed tokens.https://justroham.ir/glossary/jwt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/jwt/A signed token (header.payload.signature, base64url) carrying claims; signed, not encrypted.https://justroham.ir/glossary/keep-alive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/keep-alive/Reusing one TCP connection for several HTTP requests instead of opening a new one each time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/key-derivation-function/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/key-derivation-function/A function that turns a password or a master secret into uniformly random keys of the needed length.https://justroham.ir/glossary/key-rotation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/key-rotation/Replacing a key with a new one on a schedule or after exposure, while old data stays readable.https://justroham.ir/glossary/keyset-pagination/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/keyset-pagination/Paging by &lsquo;rows after this key&rsquo; instead of &lsquo;skip N rows&rsquo;.https://justroham.ir/glossary/kill-switch/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/kill-switch/a flag whose only job is to turn a feature off at once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/kmp-algorithm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/kmp-algorithm/String search that precomputes a failure function so the text pointer never moves backwards.https://justroham.ir/glossary/knapsack/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/knapsack/Choose items with weights and values to maximise value within a weight capacity.https://justroham.ir/glossary/known-hosts/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/known-hosts/The client-side file of server host keys already trusted, used to detect a changed or fake server.https://justroham.ir/glossary/kqueue/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/kqueue/The BSD and macOS event notification interface, the cousin of Linux epoll.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lamport-clock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lamport-clock/A single counter per process, advanced on events and merged with max on receive, so that a happens-before b implies a smaller timestamp.https://justroham.ir/glossary/last-write-wins/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/last-write-wins/A conflict rule that keeps the value with the highest timestamp and discards the others.https://justroham.ir/glossary/late-binding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/late-binding/A closure looks up a variable by name when it runs, so it sees the variable&rsquo;s latest value.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lazy-deletion/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lazy-deletion/Not removing or editing an old entry; push a new one and skip the stale one when it is popped.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lazy-evaluation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lazy-evaluation/Computing a value only when it is actually needed, not up front.https://justroham.ir/glossary/longest-common-subsequence/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/longest-common-subsequence/The longest sequence that appears in both inputs in the same order, not necessarily contiguous.https://justroham.ir/glossary/leader-election/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/leader-election/Choosing one node to coordinate for a period; in Raft a candidate needs votes from a majority in a new term.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lease/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lease/A grant of a resource or a quota to a holder for a limited share or time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/least-privilege/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/least-privilege/Give a process or person only the permissions needed for the job and nothing more, so a mistake or compromise has a small blast radius.https://justroham.ir/glossary/legacy-code/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/legacy-code/A common working definition: code without tests, so you cannot change it with confidence.https://justroham.ir/glossary/length-extension-attack/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/length-extension-attack/An attack on hashes like SHA-256 where knowing H(secret||msg) lets you compute H(secret||msg||extra) without the secret.https://justroham.ir/glossary/edge-level-triggered/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/edge-level-triggered/Two ways a readiness API reports events: while data is still waiting (level) or only when new data arrives (edge).https://justroham.ir/glossary/libuv/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/libuv/The C library under Node.js that provides the event loop, async I/O and a thread pool.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lifecycle-hook/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lifecycle-hook/A function the framework calls at a fixed stage of a request, such as before the handler runs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lifetime/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lifetime/A compile-time annotation describing how long a reference stays valid.https://justroham.ir/glossary/linear-probing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/linear-probing/Open addressing strategy: if the slot is taken, try the next one, and the next, until a free slot or the key is found.https://justroham.ir/glossary/linearizability/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/linearizability/Every operation appears to take effect at one instant between its start and end, as if there were a single copy of the data.https://justroham.ir/glossary/linked-list/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/linked-list/A sequence of separately allocated nodes, each holding a value and a pointer to the next one (and sometimes the previous one). Cheap to splice, slow to index.https://justroham.ir/glossary/linux-capabilities/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/linux-capabilities/The kernel splits the powers of root into separate units such as CAP_NET_BIND_SERVICE or CAP_CHOWN, so a process can hold only the ones it needs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/list-comprehension/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/list-comprehension/A Python expression that builds a list from an iterable in one line, e.g. [x * x for x in data if x % 2 == 0].https://justroham.ir/glossary/listen-backlog/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/listen-backlog/The size of the kernel queue of connections waiting for accept().https://justroham.ir/glossary/littles-law/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/littles-law/In a stable system, average WIP equals throughput times average cycle time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/live-binding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/live-binding/an ES module import that points at the exporting module&rsquo;s variable itself, not at a copy of its value.https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-average/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-average/Average number of runnable jobs (on Linux also those waiting for disk) over the last 1, 5 and 15 minutes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-balancer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-balancer/A component that spreads incoming traffic across several backend servers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-factor/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-factor/How full a hash table is: stored entries divided by slots. Past a threshold the table is rehashed into a bigger one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-shedding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/load-shedding/Rejecting some requests early so the rest can still be served in time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lock/A mechanism that makes a session wait before touching data another session is using; PostgreSQL has table-level and row-level locks.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lock-timeout/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lock-timeout/A setting that makes a statement give up with an error if it waits too long for a lock.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lockfile/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lockfile/A file that records the exact versions, download URLs and hashes of every installed dependency.https://justroham.ir/glossary/log-injection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/log-injection/User input containing a newline or control character that forges extra log lines.https://justroham.ir/glossary/log-rotation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/log-rotation/Renaming, compressing and deleting old log files so a log never grows without bound.https://justroham.ir/glossary/logical-backup/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/logical-backup/A backup made of SQL or row data (pg_dump, COPY) instead of copies of the data files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/loopback/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/loopback/The virtual interface that sends traffic back to the same machine: 127.0.0.0/8 and ::1.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lost-update/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lost-update/Two transactions read the same value, both write a result computed from it, and one write silently overwrites the other.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lower-bound/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lower-bound/The first index in a sorted array whose element is not less than the target.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lru-cache/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lru-cache/A cache with a fixed size that, when full, evicts the least recently used entry. Usually a map plus a doubly linked list.https://justroham.ir/glossary/lsn/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/lsn/Log sequence number: a position in the WAL, shown like 0/1830840.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mass-assignment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mass-assignment/A bug where the server copies every field of a client request into an internal object, so the client can set fields it should never control (price, status, role).https://justroham.ir/glossary/memoization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/memoization/Caching a function&rsquo;s result per argument so repeated calls skip the work.https://justroham.ir/glossary/memory-leak/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/memory-leak/Memory that is no longer needed but is still reachable, so the garbage collector cannot free it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/memory-safety/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/memory-safety/A language or tool guarantee that a program cannot read or write memory it does not own.https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge/joins two lines of history; if they diverged, Git creates a merge commit with two parents.https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-commit/a commit with two parents that records the joining of two histories.https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-conflict/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-conflict/Git could not combine two changes to the same lines automatically and asks you to choose.https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-sort/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/merge-sort/Split in half, sort each half, merge the two sorted halves; always O(n log n), stable, but needs O(n) extra memory.https://justroham.ir/glossary/merkle-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/merkle-tree/A tree of hashes where each parent hashes its children, so equal root hashes mean equal data.https://justroham.ir/glossary/message-framing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/message-framing/Rules that mark where one message ends in a byte stream such as TCP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/microservices/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/microservices/Independently deployed services that each own their data and talk over the network.https://justroham.ir/glossary/microtask/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/microtask/A small job (promise callback, queueMicrotask) that runs right after the current code, before the event loop continues.https://justroham.ir/glossary/migration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/migration/A versioned change to the database schema, applied in order by a script or a tool.https://justroham.ir/glossary/minimum-spanning-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/minimum-spanning-tree/The cheapest set of edges that connects every node of a weighted graph without forming a cycle.https://justroham.ir/glossary/modular-monolith/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/modular-monolith/One deployable whose modules talk only through narrow interfaces.https://justroham.ir/glossary/monkeypatch/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/monkeypatch/temporarily replacing an attribute, env var or dict item during a testhttps://justroham.ir/glossary/monorepo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/monorepo/One repository that holds the code of several services or libraries, built and versioned together.https://justroham.ir/glossary/monotonic-clock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/monotonic-clock/A clock that only moves forward and is meant for measuring durations, not for telling the date.https://justroham.ir/glossary/monotonic-reads/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/monotonic-reads/A client&rsquo;s successive reads never go back to an older value.https://justroham.ir/glossary/monte-carlo-simulation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/monte-carlo-simulation/Estimating a result by running a random model many times and reading percentiles.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mro/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mro/The order in which Python searches a class and its parents for an attribute; super() follows this order, and you can print it with Class.<strong>mro</strong>.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mss/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mss/Maximum Segment Size: the most TCP payload bytes per segment.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mtu/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mtu/Maximum Transmission Unit: the largest packet a link carries in one frame.https://justroham.ir/glossary/multiplexing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/multiplexing/Sending many independent requests and responses at once over a single connection.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutation-testing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutation-testing/Judging a test suite by whether it fails when the code is deliberately broken.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutex/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutex/A lock that lets only one goroutine at a time touch a piece of shared state.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutual-tls/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mutual-tls/TLS where the client also presents a certificate and the server verifies it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/mvcc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/mvcc/Multi-version concurrency control: the database keeps several versions of a row so readers and writers do not block each other.https://justroham.ir/glossary/n-plus-one/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/n-plus-one/One query to fetch a list, then one more query per item in the list.https://justroham.ir/glossary/namespace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/namespace/A kernel feature that gives a process its own view of a resource such as PIDs, mounts, network or hostname.https://justroham.ir/glossary/negative-cycle/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/negative-cycle/A cycle whose edge weights sum to less than zero, so going around it forever keeps lowering the cost.https://justroham.ir/glossary/netfilter/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/netfilter/The kernel hooks in the network stack where packets can be filtered or changed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/netmask/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/netmask/A 32-bit mask whose leading ones mark the network part of an IPv4 address.https://justroham.ir/glossary/network-partition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/network-partition/A failure where nodes are alive but groups of them cannot reach each other.https://justroham.ir/glossary/nftables/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/nftables/The Linux packet-filtering framework configured with nft.https://justroham.ir/glossary/no-new-privs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/no-new-privs/A per-thread flag, set with prctl, that stops execve from granting more privilege through setuid bits or file capabilities. Once set it cannot be unset.https://justroham.ir/glossary/node-cluster/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/node-cluster/The <code>cluster</code> module: several Node processes sharing one listening port.https://justroham.ir/glossary/non-blocking-io/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/non-blocking-io/A mode where read, write and accept return immediately with an error such as EAGAIN instead of making the thread wait.https://justroham.ir/glossary/non-repeatable-read/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/non-repeatable-read/Reading the same row twice in one transaction and getting different values.https://justroham.ir/glossary/nonce/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/nonce/A value that must be used only once per key, such as the per-message input of AES-GCM.https://justroham.ir/glossary/normalization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/normalization/Split tables so each fact is stored exactly once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/npm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/npm/The package manager that ships with Node.js and the default public registry of JavaScript packages.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-null/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-null/The SQL marker for an unknown or missing value.https://justroham.ir/glossary/nxdomain/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/nxdomain/The DNS response code meaning that the name does not exist.https://justroham.ir/glossary/oauth2/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/oauth2/A framework that lets an app get limited access to an API on a user&rsquo;s behalf through tokens, without seeing the user&rsquo;s password.https://justroham.ir/glossary/object-mode/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/object-mode/A stream option where each chunk is any JavaScript value instead of bytes or a string.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ocsp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ocsp/A way to ask a CA whether a specific certificate has been revoked.https://justroham.ir/glossary/oom-killer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/oom-killer/The kernel mechanism that kills a process when memory runs out, system-wide or inside a cgroup that hit memory.max.https://justroham.ir/glossary/openapi/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/openapi/A standard YAML/JSON format for describing an HTTP API: paths, parameters, request and response schemas.https://justroham.ir/glossary/oidc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/oidc/A thin identity layer on top of OAuth 2.0 that adds an ID token and a userinfo endpoint to tell the client who logged in.https://justroham.ir/glossary/operational-error/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/operational-error/An expected runtime failure (bad input, missing record, timeout), as opposed to a bug.https://justroham.ir/glossary/optimal-substructure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/optimal-substructure/An optimal answer to the whole problem is built from optimal answers to its subproblems.https://justroham.ir/glossary/optimistic-concurrency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/optimistic-concurrency/Do not lock; write with the version you read and fail if someone else wrote first, then reload and retry.https://justroham.ir/glossary/orchestration/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/orchestration/One coordinator sends commands to services in order and decides what happens on each reply or failure.https://justroham.ir/glossary/orm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/orm/Object-relational mapper: a library that maps tables to classes and rows to objects.https://justroham.ir/glossary/outbox-pattern/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/outbox-pattern/Writing an event to a database table in the same transaction as the data change, then publishing it afterwards.https://justroham.ir/glossary/output-encoding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/output-encoding/Escaping data for the exact context (HTML body, attribute, JavaScript, URL) it is written into.https://justroham.ir/glossary/overcommit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/overcommit/Letting processes reserve more virtual memory than physical RAM plus swap, because most of it is never touched.https://justroham.ir/glossary/overlapping-subproblems/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/overlapping-subproblems/The same smaller problem is needed again and again by different branches of the recursion.https://justroham.ir/glossary/overlayfs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/overlayfs/A Linux filesystem that stacks a writable layer over read-only layers; container images use it for their layers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/owasp-top-10/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/owasp-top-10/A periodically updated list of the ten most critical web application security risk categories, published by OWASP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ownership/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ownership/Rust&rsquo;s rule that every value has exactly one owner, and is dropped when the owner goes out of scope.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pacelc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pacelc/If there is a Partition choose Availability or Consistency, Else choose Latency or Consistency.https://justroham.ir/glossary/packfile/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/packfile/A single Git file that stores many objects compactly, usually with delta compression.https://justroham.ir/glossary/page-cache/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/page-cache/The kernel&rsquo;s in-memory cache of file contents, which makes repeated reads of a file avoid the disk and is reclaimed when memory is needed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pagination/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pagination/Returning a large list in pages instead of all at once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/parameterized-query/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/parameterized-query/A SQL statement with placeholders (<code>$1</code>) whose values are sent separately from the SQL text.https://justroham.ir/glossary/parametrized-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/parametrized-test/one test body run over many input rowshttps://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-clone/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-clone/A clone that skips some objects (e.g. file contents) and fetches them on demand.https://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-failure/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-failure/One part of a system fails while the rest keeps running, so the caller cannot tell what happened.https://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-index/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/partial-index/An index that covers only the rows matching a WHERE condition.https://justroham.ir/glossary/partition-pruning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/partition-pruning/The planner skipping partitions that cannot contain matching rows because the query filters on the partition key.https://justroham.ir/glossary/password-hashing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/password-hashing/A deliberately slow, salted one-way function used to store passwords so a database leak does not reveal them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/path-compression/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/path-compression/During Find, point every node on the path straight at the root so later Finds are shorter.https://justroham.ir/glossary/path-traversal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/path-traversal/A bug where <code>../</code> in user input makes a file handler read outside its intended directory.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pepper/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pepper/A secret value kept outside the database and mixed into password hashing, so a stolen database alone is not enough.https://justroham.ir/glossary/percentile/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/percentile/The value below which a given share of observations fall; p99 is the latency 99% of requests beat.https://justroham.ir/glossary/perf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/perf/Linux performance tool that counts hardware events and samples where CPU time goes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pgbouncer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pgbouncer/A separate connection pooler placed between applications and PostgreSQL.https://justroham.ir/glossary/phantom-read/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/phantom-read/Running the same query twice in one transaction and getting a different set of rows.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pickle/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pickle/Python&rsquo;s built-in serialization of objects to bytes, used to send data between processes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pip/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pip/Python&rsquo;s standard package installer, which downloads packages from PyPI.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pipe/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pipe/Connects one command’s stdout to the next command’s stdin (<code>a | b</code>), so small tools chain into a pipeline.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pitr/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pitr/Point-in-time recovery: restore a base backup and replay archived WAL up to a chosen moment.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pkce/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pkce/Proof Key for Code Exchange: the client proves at the token request that it is the one that started the authorization request.https://justroham.ir/glossary/planner-statistics/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/planner-statistics/Per-column summaries that <code>ANALYZE</code> stores for the planner.https://justroham.ir/glossary/plumbing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/plumbing/Git&rsquo;s low-level commands (hash-object, write-tree, commit-tree&hellip;) that porcelain commands are built on.https://justroham.ir/glossary/poison-message/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/poison-message/A message that makes its consumer fail every time, so redelivery never succeeds.https://justroham.ir/glossary/polyrepo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/polyrepo/Each service or library lives in its own repository and is released and versioned on its own.https://justroham.ir/glossary/postmortem/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/postmortem/A written review of an incident: what happened, its impact, why, and what to change.https://justroham.ir/glossary/power-of-two-choices/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/power-of-two-choices/Load balancing rule: pick two random instances and send the request to the one with the shorter queue.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pprof/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pprof/Go&rsquo;s profiling tool and the <code>net/http/pprof</code> handlers that expose profiles over HTTP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/preflight/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/preflight/An OPTIONS request a browser sends first to ask whether a cross-origin request with a custom method or header is allowed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/prepared-transaction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/prepared-transaction/In PostgreSQL, a transaction detached from its session by PREPARE TRANSACTION, stored on disk and finished later by COMMIT PREPARED or ROLLBACK PREPARED.https://justroham.ir/glossary/primary-key/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/primary-key/The column(s) that identify each row uniquely.https://justroham.ir/glossary/priority-lane/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/priority-lane/A separate queue or consumer per priority, served in strict order so urgent messages never wait behind a backlog.https://justroham.ir/glossary/priority-queue/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/priority-queue/An abstract container where you always remove the item with the highest priority first, not the oldest.https://justroham.ir/glossary/process/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/process/A running instance of a program, with its own pid, memory and a parent process.https://justroham.ir/glossary/process-group/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/process-group/A set of related processes (for example a pipeline) that can receive a signal together.https://justroham.ir/glossary/process-substitution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/process-substitution/A bash/zsh feature, <code>&lt;(cmd)</code>, that presents a command’s output as a file name, so tools that want files can read it (<code>diff &lt;(a) &lt;(b)</code>). Not POSIX.https://justroham.ir/glossary/procfs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/procfs/Linux&rsquo;s virtual /proc filesystem, where the kernel exposes process and system state as files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/projection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/projection/A read model built by consuming events and maintaining a table shaped for queries; it can be dropped and rebuilt by replay.https://justroham.ir/projects/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/projects/Selected open-source projects and experimentshttps://justroham.ir/glossary/promise/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/promise/A value that stands for a result that is not ready yet: pending, then fulfilled or rejected.https://justroham.ir/glossary/property-based-testing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/property-based-testing/Testing a rule that must hold for all inputs, with inputs generated automatically.https://justroham.ir/glossary/protobuf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/protobuf/A compact binary format for structured messages, described in .proto files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/prototype-pollution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/prototype-pollution/A JavaScript bug where attacker-controlled keys like <strong>proto</strong> change the prototype of objects, so unrelated objects suddenly get extra properties.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ptrace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ptrace/The system call that lets one process observe and control another; strace and debuggers use it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pull-consumer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pull-consumer/A JetStream consumer where the client asks for messages instead of the server pushing them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pydantic/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pydantic/A Python library that validates and converts data using type hints.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pyo3/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pyo3/A Rust library for writing Python extension modules (and calling Python from Rust).https://justroham.ir/glossary/pypi/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pypi/The Python Package Index, the default public registry that pip and uv download from.https://justroham.ir/glossary/pyproject-toml/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/pyproject-toml/The standard Python project file with metadata, the required Python version and direct dependencies.https://justroham.ir/glossary/query-plan/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/query-plan/The tree of steps the database chooses to run a query, shown by EXPLAIN.https://justroham.ir/glossary/query-planner/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/query-planner/The part of the database that chooses how to run a query.https://justroham.ir/glossary/queue/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/queue/A first-in, first-out collection: add at the back, remove from the front. Usually built on a ring buffer.https://justroham.ir/glossary/queue-group/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/queue-group/Subscribers that share a name so each message goes to only one member of the group.https://justroham.ir/glossary/quicksort/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/quicksort/Pick a pivot, partition the slice around it, then sort both sides recursively; O(n log n) on average, in place.https://justroham.ir/glossary/quorum/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/quorum/A group of replicas whose agreement is required, usually a strict majority, so that any two quorums overlap.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rabin-karp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rabin-karp/String search that compares hashes of windows first and verifies real text only when hashes are equal.https://justroham.ir/glossary/race-condition/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/race-condition/A bug where the result depends on the unsynchronized timing of concurrent accesses.https://justroham.ir/glossary/raft/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/raft/A consensus algorithm built from leader election, log replication and safety rules, designed to be easier to understand than Paxos.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rate-limiting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rate-limiting/Capping how many requests a client may make in a time span.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rbac/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rbac/Role-based access control: users get roles, roles map to permissions.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rce/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rce/Remote Code Execution: an attacker runs their own code on your server.https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-model/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-model/A copy of the data shaped for queries, built by applying the events of the write side; it may lag behind but must converge.https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-repair/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-repair/When a read finds a replica holding an older version, the reader writes the newest version back to it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-your-writes/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/read-your-writes/After a client writes a value, its own later reads see that value or a newer one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rebase/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rebase/replays your commits on top of another base, producing new commits with new hashes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/recursive-resolver/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/recursive-resolver/A DNS server that does the whole lookup for a client and caches the result.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-ref/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-ref/a human-readable name that points to a Git object.https://justroham.ir/glossary/refactoring/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/refactoring/Changing the structure of code without changing its observable behavior.https://justroham.ir/glossary/reference-class-forecasting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/reference-class-forecasting/Forecasting by looking at the outcomes of similar past projects, not at the details of this one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/reflog/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/reflog/A local log of where HEAD and branch tips have pointed, used to recover commits after a reset or deleted branch.https://justroham.ir/glossary/refresh-token/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/refresh-token/A long-lived credential that the client exchanges for a new short-lived access token.https://justroham.ir/glossary/regression/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/regression/A bug that breaks something which used to work.https://justroham.ir/glossary/relational-model/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/relational-model/A model where data lives in tables of rows and columns linked by keys.https://justroham.ir/glossary/relaxation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/relaxation/Updating a vertex&rsquo;s distance when a route through an edge is shorter than the best known.https://justroham.ir/glossary/remote-tracking-branch/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/remote-tracking-branch/a local, read-only record of a branch on a remote, like origin/main.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rendezvous-hashing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rendezvous-hashing/Each key goes to the node with the highest hash(node, key) score (also called HRW).https://justroham.ir/glossary/replicated-log/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/replicated-log/An ordered list of commands copied to several nodes; if every node applies the same log in order, their state machines end up identical.https://justroham.ir/glossary/replication/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/replication/Keeping a second, continuously updated copy of a database on another server.https://justroham.ir/glossary/reproducible-build/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/reproducible-build/Building the same source twice gives byte-identical output, so a checksum can prove what was built.https://justroham.ir/glossary/request-id/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/request-id/A unique identifier attached to one request and to every log line it produces.https://justroham.ir/glossary/request-smuggling/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/request-smuggling/An attack that exploits two HTTP parsers disagreeing about where a request ends.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rerere/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rerere/Git feature (reuse recorded resolution) that replays a conflict resolution you made before.https://justroham.ir/glossary/retry-budget/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/retry-budget/A cap on retries as a fraction of normal requests, often kept in a token bucket.https://justroham.ir/glossary/retry-storm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/retry-storm/Overload made worse by clients that retry failed requests all at once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/reverse-proxy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/reverse-proxy/A server that receives client requests and forwards them to backends on the client&rsquo;s behalf.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rfc/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rfc/Request for Comments: a proposal document circulated for discussion before a decision is made.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ring-buffer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ring-buffer/A fixed array with a head index and a count where positions wrap around with modulo, so removing from the front never shifts elements. When full it can double (copying once) to keep amortized O(1) pushes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/roll-forward/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/roll-forward/fixing a bad release with a new release instead of reverting.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rollback/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rollback/Returning production to the previous known-good release, as opposed to rolling forward with a new fix.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rolling-hash/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rolling-hash/A hash of a sliding window that is updated in O(1) by removing the old character and adding the new one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rolling-update/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rolling-update/a deploy that replaces instances one by one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rss/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rss/Resident set size: the part of a process&rsquo;s memory currently held in physical RAM, not its whole virtual size.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-rst/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-rst/A TCP segment that aborts a connection immediately, without the orderly FIN exchange.https://justroham.ir/glossary/runbook/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/runbook/Step-by-step instructions for operating a system and handling a known failure.https://justroham.ir/glossary/rune/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/rune/In Go, an int32 holding one Unicode code point; a string is bytes, and one character can be several bytes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/saga/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/saga/A long business transaction split into local transactions, each with a compensating action that undoes it if a later step fails.https://justroham.ir/glossary/salt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/salt/A random value stored next to a password hash so equal passwords give different hashes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/samesite/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/samesite/A cookie attribute that limits when the browser sends the cookie on cross-site requests.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sargable/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sargable/A condition written so an index can be used for it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/savepoint/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/savepoint/A named point inside a transaction that you can roll back to without abandoning the whole transaction.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sbom/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sbom/Software Bill of Materials: a machine-readable list of the components inside a build.https://justroham.ir/glossary/scatter-gather/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/scatter-gather/Sending a query to every shard and merging the partial answers, needed when the query does not contain the shard key.https://justroham.ir/glossary/schema-validation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/schema-validation/Checking untrusted data against a declared shape (types, ranges, required fields) at the boundary, before the rest of the code uses it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sdist/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sdist/The source distribution of a Python package: an archive of the sources plus metadata, built into a wheel at install time if needed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/seam/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/seam/A place where you can change behavior without editing the code around it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/secret-scanning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/secret-scanning/Searching code and git history for credentials by pattern and entropy.https://justroham.ir/glossary/seed-corpus/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/seed-corpus/The starting inputs given to a fuzzer, ideally real samples.https://justroham.ir/glossary/selectivity/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/selectivity/The fraction of rows a condition keeps.https://justroham.ir/glossary/semaphore/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/semaphore/A counter-based primitive that lets at most N holders in at once; the rest wait.https://justroham.ir/glossary/semver/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/semver/A versioning scheme MAJOR.MINOR.PATCH, plus the range syntax (<code>^</code>, <code>~</code>) npm uses to pick versions.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sequential-consistency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sequential-consistency/All clients see one order of operations that keeps each client&rsquo;s own order, but it need not match real time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/server-sent-events/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/server-sent-events/A one-way, text-based stream of events from server to browser over a normal HTTP response.https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-discovery/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-discovery/Finding the current network addresses of the instances of a service while they come and go.https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-mesh/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-mesh/A layer of sidecar proxies next to each service that handles discovery, load balancing, retries and TLS outside the application code.https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-registry/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/service-registry/A small service that stores which instances are alive; instances register with a TTL and keep renewing it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/session/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/session/Server-side state that is looked up by a random id stored in a cookie.https://justroham.ir/glossary/setuid/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/setuid/Mode bits that make an executable run with its owner&rsquo;s (or group&rsquo;s) identity instead of the caller&rsquo;s; on a directory, setgid makes new files inherit its group. They show as s in ls -l.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sha-1/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sha-1/Hash function Git uses by default to name objects (40 hex characters).https://justroham.ir/glossary/shadow-mode/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shadow-mode/Running the new implementation next to the old one on real inputs, serving only the old answer and counting differences.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shallow-clone/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shallow-clone/A clone with truncated history, e.g. git clone &ndash;depth 1.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shallow-copy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shallow-copy/A copy that duplicates only the outer container; the elements inside are still the same objects. A deep copy duplicates them too.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shannon-entropy/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shannon-entropy/A measure of how random a string looks, in bits per character.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sharding/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sharding/Splitting one dataset across several nodes by a shard key, so each node owns only part of the data.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shared-memory/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shared-memory/A block of memory that several processes map at once, so they can read and write the same bytes without copying.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shared-array-buffer/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shared-array-buffer/A memory block visible to several threads at once, used with Atomics.https://justroham.ir/glossary/shrinking/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/shrinking/Reducing a failing random input to the smallest one that still fails.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigkill/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigkill/The forced kill (signal 9); it cannot be caught or ignored, so no cleanup code runs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/signal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/signal/A small asynchronous message the kernel or another process sends to a process, such as SIGTERM or SIGINT.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigpipe/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigpipe/The signal a process gets when it writes to a pipe whose reader has closed (signal 13).https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigterm/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sigterm/The polite signal that asks a process to stop, which it may catch to clean up first.https://justroham.ir/glossary/site-packages/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/site-packages/The folder inside an environment where installed third-party packages are placed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/size-class/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/size-class/The Go allocator rounds each request up to one of a fixed set of block sizes. That is why a slice&rsquo;s capacity can be larger than the growth formula alone predicts.https://justroham.ir/glossary/skip-locked/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/skip-locked/A <code>SELECT ... FOR UPDATE</code> option that skips rows other sessions have locked instead of waiting, used to build job queues.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sli/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sli/Service level indicator: a measured ratio of good events to total events, such as non-5xx requests.https://justroham.ir/glossary/slice/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/slice/A Go slice is a three-word header: a pointer to a backing array, a length and a capacity. Copying the header does not copy the elements.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sliding-window/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sliding-window/An approximate limiter that weights the previous fixed window by how much of it still overlaps the last interval.https://justroham.ir/glossary/slo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/slo/A target for a service level indicator over a window, for example 99.5% of requests succeed in 30 days.https://justroham.ir/glossary/slowloris/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/slowloris/A denial-of-service pattern where a client sends a request extremely slowly to hold server connections open.https://justroham.ir/glossary/smoke-test/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/smoke-test/A very small check that the built artifact starts and answers at all, before deeper checks or deploy.https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-snapshot/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/event-snapshot/A saved copy of folded state at some version, so loading replays only the events after it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/snapshot-isolation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/snapshot-isolation/Each transaction reads from a consistent snapshot of the data taken when it started.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sni/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sni/Server Name Indication: the client names the host it wants inside the TLS handshake.https://justroham.ir/glossary/socket/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/socket/The operating system handle an application uses to send and receive over the network.https://justroham.ir/glossary/software-supply-chain/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/software-supply-chain/Everything your software is built from and delivered by: dependencies, registries, build tools and CI.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sparse-checkout/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sparse-checkout/Checking out only chosen directories into the working tree.https://justroham.ir/glossary/split-brain/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/split-brain/Two nodes both believe they are the primary and accept different writes.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-injection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sql-injection/An attack where user input becomes part of the SQL text and changes its meaning.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sqlstate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sqlstate/A five-character standard error code, e.g. 23505 for a unique violation.https://justroham.ir/glossary/squash-merge/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/squash-merge/collapses all commits of a branch into one new commit on the target branch.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-certificate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-certificate/A public key signed by a CA key, with principals and a validity period, instead of a list of raw keys.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-key-pair/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-key-pair/A private key you keep plus a public key you share, used to log in without a password.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-agent/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssh-agent/A process that keeps decrypted private keys in memory and signs on behalf of ssh.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssrf/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ssrf/Server-side request forgery: making the server fetch a URL chosen by the user, so it reaches places the user cannot.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stable-sort/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stable-sort/A sort that keeps equal elements in their original relative order.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stack/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stack/A last-in, first-out collection: you only push and pop at one end. Typical uses are undo history, bracket matching and the call stack.https://justroham.ir/glossary/staging-area/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/staging-area/the snapshot of what the next commit will contain, stored in .git/index.https://justroham.ir/glossary/start-method/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/start-method/How multiprocessing creates a child process: spawn (fresh interpreter), fork (copy of the parent) or forkserver.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stash/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stash/a stack of shelved changes you can put back later.https://justroham.ir/glossary/statement-timeout/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/statement-timeout/A PostgreSQL setting that cancels any single statement running longer than the given time.https://justroham.ir/glossary/static-analysis/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/static-analysis/Checking source code for likely bugs without running it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/statistical-power/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/statistical-power/the chance a test detects a real effect.https://justroham.ir/glossary/steady-state/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/steady-state/A measurable description of normal behaviour, such as an SLO, that an experiment must not violate.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stemming/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stemming/Reducing a word to its stem so that different forms match, for example running, runs and run all become run.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sticky-bit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sticky-bit/A directory mode bit (t in ls -l) that lets only a file&rsquo;s owner or the directory&rsquo;s owner delete or rename entries, as in /tmp.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stop-and-wait/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stop-and-wait/A reliability scheme: send one packet, wait for its acknowledgement, resend on timeout.https://justroham.ir/glossary/strace/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/strace/Linux tool that prints the system calls and signals of a process.https://justroham.ir/glossary/strangler-fig/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/strangler-fig/Replacing a system piece by piece behind a router, so old and new run side by side.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stream/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stream/An object that moves data in chunks, so a program never needs the whole thing in memory.https://justroham.ir/glossary/stride/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/stride/A checklist of six threat categories: Spoofing, Tampering, Repudiation, Information disclosure, Denial of service, Elevation of privilege.https://justroham.ir/glossary/structural-pattern-matching/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/structural-pattern-matching/Python&rsquo;s match statement, which destructures a value by shape (literals, sequences, mappings, classes) and can add guards.https://justroham.ir/glossary/structural-typing/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/structural-typing/A type is satisfied by any object that has the right methods, with no explicit inheritance. In Python, typing.Protocol describes this shape for type checkers.https://justroham.ir/glossary/structured-concurrency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/structured-concurrency/A style where concurrent tasks live inside a scope that waits for all of them and cancels the rest if one fails.https://justroham.ir/glossary/structured-logging/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/structured-logging/Writing each log line as a JSON object with named fields instead of free text.https://justroham.ir/glossary/subject-alt-name/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/subject-alt-name/The certificate extension that lists the DNS names and IPs it is valid for.https://justroham.ir/glossary/submodule/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/submodule/A repository nested inside another one and pinned to one exact commit.https://justroham.ir/glossary/subnet/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/subnet/A contiguous block of IP addresses sharing one prefix.https://justroham.ir/glossary/subpath-imports/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/subpath-imports/The <code>imports</code> field of package.json: private aliases that start with <code>#</code> and map to files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/subtree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/subtree/A way to copy another repository&rsquo;s files into a subdirectory of yours, keeping their history mergeable.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sudo/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sudo/A program that runs one command as another user (usually root) if the sudoers policy allows it, and logs the attempt.https://justroham.ir/glossary/sudoers/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/sudoers/The policy file that says which users may run which commands as which target users via sudo; edit it only with visudo, which checks the syntax.https://justroham.ir/glossary/surrogate-key/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/surrogate-key/An artificial row identifier with no business meaning, such as an identity number.https://justroham.ir/glossary/swap/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/swap/Disk (or compressed memory) space the kernel uses to move rarely used anonymous memory pages out of RAM.https://justroham.ir/glossary/symbolic-link/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/symbolic-link/A small file whose content is a path to another file. It has its own inode and dangles if the target is removed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/synchronous-commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/synchronous-commit/The PostgreSQL setting that decides whether COMMIT waits until its WAL is flushed to disk.https://justroham.ir/glossary/syslog-severity/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/syslog-severity/The eight standard log levels from 0 (emerg) to 7 (debug), defined by syslog(3).https://justroham.ir/glossary/syscall/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/syscall/A request from a program to the kernel, such as open or read; tools like strace list them.https://justroham.ir/glossary/systemd/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/systemd/The init system and service manager on most Linux distributions, running as PID 1.https://justroham.ir/glossary/table-bloat/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/table-bloat/Wasted space in a table or index left by dead row versions that were never reused.https://justroham.ir/glossary/partitioning/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/partitioning/Splitting one big logical table into smaller physical tables (partitions) by a key such as a date range, a list of values or a hash.https://justroham.ir/glossary/table-rewrite/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/table-rewrite/An ALTER that copies the whole table into a new file while holding a strong lock.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tail-latency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tail-latency/The slowest few percent of requests (p99, p999), which dominate what users feel in fan-out systems.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp/A reliable, ordered byte-stream protocol on top of IP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-keepalive/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-keepalive/Probe packets the kernel sends on an idle connection to detect a dead peer.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-ip-model/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tcp-ip-model/The 4-layer model of the internet: link, internet, transport, application.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tdd/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tdd/Test-driven development: write a failing test, make it pass, then clean up (red, green, refactor).https://justroham.ir/glossary/technical-debt/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/technical-debt/Shortcuts or aging choices in code that make future change slower, like a loan that charges interest.https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-double/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-double/A fake object (mock, stub, fake) that replaces a real dependency in a test.https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-pyramid/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-pyramid/A model: many fast unit tests, fewer integration tests, very few end-to-end tests.https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-runner/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/test-runner/The tool that finds and runs test files and reports the results.https://justroham.ir/glossary/thread/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/thread/An independent flow of execution inside a process that shares its memory with other threads.https://justroham.ir/glossary/thread-pool/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/thread-pool/A fixed set of worker threads that run blocking work (files, crypto, DNS) for Node.js; default size 4.https://justroham.ir/glossary/threat-modeling/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/threat-modeling/A structured way to ask what you are building, what can go wrong and what you will do about it, before attackers ask the same questions.https://justroham.ir/glossary/three-way-handshake/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/three-way-handshake/SYN, SYN-ACK, ACK: how TCP opens a connection.https://justroham.ir/glossary/three-way-merge/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/three-way-merge/Merge that compares two branch tips against their common ancestor.https://justroham.ir/glossary/thundering-herd/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/thundering-herd/Many waiting processes or threads are all woken by one event, but only one can use it, wasting work.https://justroham.ir/glossary/time-wait/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/time-wait/The state of the side that closed first, kept for a while after the connection ends.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tls/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tls/Transport Layer Security: encrypts and authenticates a connection on top of TCP.https://justroham.ir/glossary/toctou/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/toctou/Time-of-check to time-of-use: the state changes between the check and the action that relied on it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/token-bucket/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/token-bucket/A limiter that refills tokens at a fixed rate and spends one per request, allowing bursts up to its capacity.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tolerant-reader/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tolerant-reader/A client that ignores fields it does not know, so additive API changes do not break it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tombstone/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tombstone/A marker left in an open-addressing table when an entry is deleted, so lookups keep probing past it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/top-level-await/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/top-level-await/using <code>await</code> directly at the top of an ES module, outside any async function.https://justroham.ir/glossary/topological-sort/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/topological-sort/An ordering of a DAG&rsquo;s vertices in which every edge goes from earlier to later.https://justroham.ir/glossary/traceroute/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/traceroute/Lists the routers on the path to a host by sending packets with a growing TTL.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trait/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trait/A set of methods a type can implement, Rust&rsquo;s way of sharing behavior.https://justroham.ir/glossary/transaction/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/transaction/A group of statements that the database treats as one unit: all of them take effect, or none do.https://justroham.ir/glossary/transitive-dependency/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/transitive-dependency/A package you did not ask for directly but that one of your dependencies needs.https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/git-tree/The Git object that represents a directory: names, modes and hashes of blobs and subtrees.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tree-rotation/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tree-rotation/A local rewiring of two or three nodes that changes the shape of a search tree but keeps its in-order sequence.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tree-traversal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tree-traversal/A systematic order for visiting every node: pre-order, in-order, post-order or level-order.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trie/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trie/A tree where each edge is one character, so words that share a prefix share a path. Lookup cost depends on the word length, not on the number of words.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trigger/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trigger/A function the database runs automatically before or after an INSERT, UPDATE or DELETE on a table.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trigram/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trigram/A group of three consecutive characters; comparing the trigram sets of two strings gives a similarity score used for fuzzy matching.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trunk-based-development/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trunk-based-development/everyone integrates small changes into the main branch at least daily.https://justroham.ir/glossary/trust-boundary/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/trust-boundary/A line in a diagram where data passes between parts that trust each other differently, for example from the internet into your API.https://justroham.ir/glossary/truthiness/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/truthiness/How an object behaves in a boolean context. In Python zero, None and empty containers are false; most other values are true.https://justroham.ir/glossary/tsvector/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/tsvector/A PostgreSQL type holding a document as a sorted list of normalized words (lexemes) with their positions, used for full-text search.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ttfb/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ttfb/Time to first byte: how long until the first byte of the response arrives.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ttl/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ttl/How many seconds a cached record may be reused before asking again.https://justroham.ir/glossary/two-phase-commit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/two-phase-commit/A protocol where a coordinator asks all participants to prepare, then tells them all to commit or all to abort.https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-affinity/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-affinity/SQLite&rsquo;s rule that a column prefers a type and converts values when it can, but does not strictly enforce it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-checker/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-checker/A tool such as mypy that reads type hints and reports type errors without running the program.https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-hint/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/type-hint/An optional annotation such as x: int or -&gt; str that states the expected type. The interpreter stores it but does not enforce it; type checkers read it.https://justroham.ir/glossary/typosquatting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/typosquatting/Publishing a malicious package whose name is a near-miss of a popular one, hoping for a typo.https://justroham.ir/glossary/ubiquitous-language/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/ubiquitous-language/The shared vocabulary used by developers and domain experts, and used literally in the code.https://justroham.ir/glossary/udp/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/udp/A connectionless datagram protocol on top of IP, with no delivery guarantee.https://justroham.ir/glossary/umask/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/umask/A per-process mask of permission bits that are removed from the mode of newly created files and directories. With 022, a new file gets 644 and a directory 755.https://justroham.ir/glossary/unhandled-rejection/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/unhandled-rejection/A rejected promise that nobody handled with catch or try/catch.https://justroham.ir/glossary/union-by-size/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/union-by-size/When merging two trees, attach the smaller under the larger root so trees stay shallow.https://justroham.ir/glossary/union-find/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/union-find/A structure that tracks which elements belong to the same group, with Find (which group?) and Union (merge two groups).https://justroham.ir/glossary/unit-file/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/unit-file/A small INI-like text file that tells systemd how to run or schedule one thing.https://justroham.ir/glossary/unit-of-work/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/unit-of-work/A pattern where an object tracks changes and writes them together in one transaction.https://justroham.ir/glossary/unsafe-deserialization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/unsafe-deserialization/Rebuilding objects from untrusted bytes with a format that can run code while decoding, such as Python pickle.https://justroham.ir/glossary/upcasting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/upcasting/Converting an old stored event shape to the current one while reading, instead of editing stored events.https://justroham.ir/glossary/use-after-free/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/use-after-free/Using a pointer after the memory it points to has been freed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/utilization/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/utilization/The fraction of time a server is busy: arrival rate divided by service rate.https://justroham.ir/glossary/uv/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/uv/A fast tool that manages Python versions, virtual environments, dependencies and lock files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/vacuum/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/vacuum/The PostgreSQL maintenance command that removes dead row versions and updates the visibility map.https://justroham.ir/glossary/value-object/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/value-object/An immutable object with no identity, compared by its values, such as money or an email address.https://justroham.ir/glossary/vector-clock/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/vector-clock/One counter per process; comparing two vectors tells before, after or concurrent exactly.https://justroham.ir/glossary/version-vector/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/version-vector/A vector clock attached to a stored value so replicas can tell an update from a conflicting one.https://justroham.ir/glossary/veth/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/veth/A pair of virtual Ethernet interfaces: what goes in one end comes out the other.https://justroham.ir/glossary/virtual-environment/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/virtual-environment/An isolated folder with its own interpreter link and site-packages, so each project has its own dependencies.https://justroham.ir/glossary/visibility-map/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/visibility-map/A per-table bitmap that marks heap pages where all rows are visible to every transaction.https://justroham.ir/glossary/wal/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/wal/Write-ahead log: PostgreSQL records every change in a sequential log before it touches the data files.https://justroham.ir/glossary/walrus-operator/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/walrus-operator/The := operator in Python, which assigns a value to a name inside an expression, e.g. if (n := len(x)) &gt; 5.https://justroham.ir/glossary/websocket/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/websocket/A protocol for a persistent two-way message channel, started by an HTTP upgrade.https://justroham.ir/glossary/wheel/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/wheel/A built Python package: a zip file ending in .whl that can be installed without running any build step.https://justroham.ir/glossary/wip-limit/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/wip-limit/A cap on how many items may be in progress at once.https://justroham.ir/glossary/word-splitting/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/word-splitting/The shell step that splits an unquoted expansion into separate words.https://justroham.ir/glossary/worker-pool/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/worker-pool/A fixed number of goroutines consuming jobs from a shared queue.https://justroham.ir/glossary/worker-threads/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/worker-threads/Threads inside one Node process, each with its own event loop and heap, for CPU-bound work.https://justroham.ir/glossary/working-tree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/working-tree/the files on disk that you edit, as opposed to what Git has staged or committed.https://justroham.ir/glossary/worktree/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/worktree/An extra working directory attached to the same repository, with its own checked-out branch.https://justroham.ir/glossary/write-skew/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/write-skew/Two transactions read overlapping data, each updates a different row, and together they break a rule neither broke alone.https://justroham.ir/glossary/x509-certificate/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/x509-certificate/A signed document binding a public key to a name, with a validity period.https://justroham.ir/glossary/xargs/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/xargs/Reads items from stdin and runs a command with them as arguments. Use <code>-0</code> with <code>find -print0</code> so file names containing spaces survive.https://justroham.ir/glossary/xss/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/xss/Cross-site scripting: attacker-controlled text is rendered as HTML or JavaScript in another user&rsquo;s browser.https://justroham.ir/glossary/zipf-distribution/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/zipf-distribution/A skewed access pattern where a few keys get most requests and a long tail gets few.https://justroham.ir/glossary/zombie-process/Mon, 01 Jan 0001 00:00:00 +0000https://justroham.ir/glossary/zombie-process/A child that has exited but whose parent has not yet called <code>wait</code>, so its table entry remains.